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The Range of Masses in the Universe

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−40 4.2×10−40 kg Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c2)[citation needed]
10−36 1.8×10−36 kg One eV/c2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt[2]
3.6×10−36 kg Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c2)[3]
10−31 9.11×10−31 kg Electron (511 keV/c2), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass[4]
10−30 3.0–5.5×10−30 kg. Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c2)[5]
10−28 1.9×10−28 kg Muon (106 MeV/c2)[6]
10−27
yoctogram (yg)		 1.661×10−27 kg Atomic mass unit (u) or dalton (Da)
1.673×10−27 kg Proton (938.3 MeV/c2)[7][8]
1.674×10−27 kg Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
1.675×10−27 kg Neutron (939.6 MeV/c2)[9][10]
10−26 1.2×10−26 kg Lithium atom (6.941 u)
3.0×10−26 kg Water molecule (18.015 u)
8.0×10−26 kg Titanium atom (47.867 u)
10−25 1.1×10−25 kg Copper atom (63.546 u)
1.6×10−25 kg Z boson (91.2 GeV/c2)[11]
3.1×10−25 kg Top quark (173 GeV/c2),[12] the heaviest known elementary particle
3.2×10−25 kg Caffeine molecule (194 u)
3.5×10−25 kg Lead-208 atom, the heaviest stable isotope known

10−24 to 10−19 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−24
zeptogram (zg)		 1.2×10−24 kg Buckyball molecule (720 u)
10−23 1.4×10−23 kg Ubiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)[13]
5.5×10−23 kg A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ~= 33 kDa)[14]
10−22 1.1×10−22 kg Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)[15]
10−21
attogram (ag)		 1.65×10−21 kg Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995,000 daltons)[16]
4.3×10−21 kg Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)[17]
7.1×10−21 kg Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)[17]
7.6×10−21 kg Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)[18]
10−20 3×10−20 kg Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)[19]
6.8×10−20 kg Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)[20]
10−19 1.1×10−19 kg Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)[21]
2.5×10−19 kg Human adenovirus (150 MDa)[22]

10−18 to 10−13 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−18
femtogram (fg)		 1×10−18 kg HIV-1 virus[23][24]
4.7×10−18 kg DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the length of the E. coli genome[25]
10−17 ~1×10−17 kg Vaccinia virus, a large virus[26]
1.1×10−17 kg Mass equivalent of 1 joule[27]
10−16 3×10−16 kg Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)[28] photosynthetic organism on Earth[29][30]
10−15
picogram (pg)		 1×10−15 kg E. coli bacterium (wet weight)[31]
6×10−15 kg DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10−14 2.2×10−14 kg Human sperm cell[30][32]
6×10−14 kg Yeast cell (quite variable)[33][34]
10−13 1.5×10−13 kg Dunaliella salina, a green algae (dry weight)[35]

10−12 to 10−7 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−12
nanogram (ng)		 1×10−12 kg Average human cell (1 nanogram)[36]
2–3×10−12 kg HeLa human cell[37][38]
8×10−12 kg Grain of birch pollen[39]
10−11    
10−10 2.5×10−10 kg Grain of maize pollen[40]
3.5×10−10 kg Very fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10−9
microgram (µg)		 3.6×10−9 kg Human ovum[30][41]
2.4×10−9 kg US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults[42]
10−8 1.5×10−8 kg US RDA for vitamin D for adults[43]
~2×10−8 kg Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) (±~20 µg)[citation needed]
2.2×10−8 kg Planck mass[44]
~7×10−8 kg One eyebrow hair (approximate)[45]
10−7 1.5×10−7 kg US RDA for iodine for adults[46]
2–3×10−7 kg Fruit fly (dry weight)[47][48]

10×10−6 to 1 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
10−6
milligram (mg)		 2.5×10−6 kg Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams)[49]
10−5
centigram (cg)		 1.1×10−5 kg Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)[50]
2×10−5 kg Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)[51]
10−4
decigram (dg)		 0.27–2.0×10−4 kg Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)[52]
2×10−4 kg Metric carat (200 milligrams)[53]
10−3
gram (g)		 1×10−3 kg One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)[54]
1×10−3 kg US dollar bill (1 gram)[55]
~1×10−3 kg Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)[56]
8×10−3 kg Coins of one Euro (7.5 grams)[57] and one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)[58]
10−2
decagram (dag)		 2–4×10−2 kg Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)[59]
1.37×10−2 kg Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)[60]
2.8×10−2 kg Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.35 grams)[53]
4.7×10−2 kg Mass equivalent of the energy that is called 1 megaton of TNT equivalent[53][61]
10−1
hectogram   (hg)		 0.1-0.2 kg An orange (100–200 grams)[62]
0.454 kg Pound (avoirdupois) (454 grams)[53]

1 kg to 105 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
1 kg
kilogram (kg)		 1 kg One litre (0.001 m3) of water[63]
1–3 kg Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)[64]
1–3 kg Typical laptop computer, 2010[65]
2.5–4 kg Newborn human baby[66]
4.0 kg Women's shot[67]
4–5 kg Housecat[citation needed]
7.26 kg Men's shot[67]
101 9–27 kg Medium-sized dog[68][69][70]
10–30 kg A CRT computer monitor or television set[citation needed]
70 kg Adult human[71]
70 kg Large dog[citation needed]
102 130–180 kg Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)[72]
240–450 kg Grand piano[73][74]
400–900 kg Dairy cow[75]
500-500,000 kg A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)[76][77]
907.2 kg 1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)[53]
103
megagram (Mg)		 1000 kg Metric ton/tonne[53]
1000 kg 1 cubic metre of water[63]
1016.05 kg Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)[53]
800–1600 kg Typical passenger cars[citation needed]
3000–7000 kg Adult elephant[citation needed]
104 1.1×104 kg Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)[78]
1.2×104 kg Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)[citation needed]
1.4×104 kg Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)[79]
4×104 kg Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)[80]
6.0×104 kg Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)[81]
7.3×104 kg Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)[82]
105 1.8×105 kg Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)[83]
4.2×105 kg International Space Station (417 tonnes)[84]
6×105 kg World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)[85]

106 to 1011 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
106
gigagram (Gg)		 1×106 kg Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)[86]
2.0×106 kg Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)[87]
6×106 kg Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)[88]
7.8×106 kg Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)[89]
107 1×107 kg Annual production of Darjeeling tea[90]
5.2×107 kg RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)[91]
9.97×107 kg Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)[92]
108 6.6×108 kg Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)[93]
109
teragram (Tg)		 4.3×109 kg Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second[94]
6×109 kg Great Pyramid of Giza[95]
1010
 6×1010 kg Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure[96][97]
1011 ~1×1011 kg The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe[98]
2×1011 kg Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km3)[99]
4×1011 kg Total mass of the human world population[71][100][101]
5×1011 kg Total biomass of Antarctic krill, probably the most plentiful animal species on the planet[102]

1012 to 1017 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
1012
petagram (Pg)		 0.8–2.1×1012 kg Global biomass of fish[103]
4×1012 kg World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)[104]
5.5×1012 kg A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)[105]
1013 1–100×1013 kg A 1–5 km tall mountain (very approximate)[106]
1014 1.05×1014 kg Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth[107]
7.2×1014 kg Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere[108]
1015
exagram (Eg)		 2.0×1015 kg Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere[109]
3.5×1015 kg Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide[110]
1016 1×1016 kg 951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)[111]
1×1016 kg Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.[112]
3.8×1016 kg Total carbon stored in the oceans.[113]
1017 1.6×1017 kg Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring[114]

1018 to 1023 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
1018
zettagram 
(Zg)		 5.1×1018 kg Earth's atmosphere[115]
5.6×1018 kg Hyperion, a moon of Saturn[114]
1019 3×1019 kg 3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt[116]
3×1019 kg The rings of Saturn[117]
1020 9.4×1020 kg Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt[118]
1021
yottagram
 (Yg)		 1.4×1021 kg Earth's oceans[119]
1.5×1021 kg Charon, the largest moon of Pluto[120]
2.9–3.7×1021 kg The asteroid belt[121]
1022 1.3×1022 kg Pluto[120]
2.1×1022 kg Triton, largest moon of Neptune[122]
7.3×1022 kg Earth's Moon[123]
1023 1.3×1023 kg Titan, largest moon of Saturn[124]
1.5×1023 kg Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter[125]
3.3×1023 kg Mercury[126]
6.4×1023 kg Mars[127]

1024 to 1029 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
1024 4.9×1024 kg Venus[128]
6.0×1024 kg Earth[129]
1025 3×1025 kg Oort cloud[130]
8.7×1025 kg Uranus[131]
1026 1.0×1026 kg Neptune[132]
5.7×1026 kg Saturn[133]
1027 1.9×1027 kg Jupiter[134]
1028 2–14×1028 kg Brown dwarfs (approximate)[135]
1029 3×1029 kg Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf[136]

1030 to 1035 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
1030 2×1030 kg The Sun[137] (one solar mass or M☉ = 1.989×1030 kg)
2.8×1030 kg Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 M☉)[138][139]
1031 4×1031 kg Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 M☉)[140]
1032 2–3×1032 kg Pistol Star, one of the most massive known stars (100[141] to 150[142] M☉)
6–8×1032 kg Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)[143]
1033 1.6×1033 kg Pleiades star cluster (800 M☉)[144]
1034
1035 ~1035 kg Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×103 to 3×106 M☉)[145]
2×1035 kg Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×105 to 1×107 M☉)[146][147]
7.3×1035 kg Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100K and density 30 atoms per cc;[148]
possible example: Orion Molecular Cloud Complex

1036 to 1041 kg

Factor (kg) Value Item
1036 2.4×1036 kg The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×106 M☉)[149]
7–8×1036 kg The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×106 M☉)[150]
1037    
1038    
1039    
1040 4.17×1040 kg NGC 4889, the largest measured supermassive black hole, weighing in at 21 billion solar masses (2.1×1010 M☉)
1041 4×1041 kg Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy[151]

1042 kg and greater

Factor (kg) Value Item
1042 1.2×1042 kg Milky Way galaxy (5.8×1011 M☉)[152]
2–3×1042 kg Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×1012 M☉)[152]
1043    
1044    
1045 1–2×1045 kg Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×1015 M☉)[153]
1046    
1047    
1048    
1049    
1050    
1051    
1052 6×1052 kg Mass of the observable universe[154]

This series on orders of magnitude does not have a range of larger masses